Key Historical Sites

The Great Library of Alexandria

The Great Library of Alexandria stands as a symbol of the ancient world’s thirst for knowledge. Founded in the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter, the library was part of a larger research institution known as the Mouseion, which attracted scholars, scientists, and philosophers from across the globe. The library amassed a vast collection of scrolls, with estimates ranging from 40,000 to 400,000, encompassing works from various cultures and subjects. Although its exact demise remains a subject of historical debate, the library's legacy continues as a symbol of cultural flourishing and intellectual pursuit. Visitors to Alexandria can explore the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, a modern tribute to the ancient library, housing millions of books and several museums.

The Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos)

The Lighthouse of Alexandria, or Pharos of Alexandria, was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a testament to engineering and architectural marvel. Built in the 3rd century BCE on the island of Pharos by the Ptolemaic Kingdom, it served as a crucial navigation aid for sailors. Estimates suggest the lighthouse stood between 100 and 130 meters high, using a furnace at its summit to produce light. Designed by the Greek architect Sostratus of Cnidus, it featured three tiers: a square base, a cylindrical middle, and a circular top. Although an earthquake ultimately led to its collapse, the lighthouse's legend endures, symbolizing human ingenuity and innovation. Today, the site is marked by Fort Qaitbey, constructed using the remnants of the lighthouse.

Pompey's Pillar

Pompey's Pillar is the largest Roman triumphal column outside of Rome and Constantinople, a massive granite structure standing approximately 26.85 meters high. Erected in 297 AD, the pillar commemorates Roman Emperor Diocletian's victory over an Alexandrian revolt. Despite its name, the pillar has little to do with Pompey; rather, it was established in Diocletian's honor, celebrating his contributions to the city. Visitors to the site can marvel at the engineering prowess required to construct such a massive monument from polished rose granite, sourced from Aswan some 700 miles away. The pillar once stood amidst a sprawling temple complex dedicated to Serapis, of which remnants can still be explored.

The Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa

The Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa are a fascinating blend of ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman architectural styles and burial traditions. Discovered in 1900, these catacombs date back to the 2nd century AD and represent the largest Roman burial site in Egypt. Descending several floors underground, visitors can explore a spiral staircase leading to a central rotunda surrounded by a complex of tunnels and chambers. The catacombs are renowned for their decorative carvings, statues, and reliefs reflecting the fusion of cultures, including mythological creatures, divine beings, and serpents. Originally intended to be a private tomb, the catacombs eventually expanded for communal use, symbolizing the melding of cultures in ancient Alexandria.

Fort Qaitbey

Fort Qaitbey, a prominent historical fortress, marks the former location of the legendary Lighthouse of Alexandria. Constructed in 1480 by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qaitbay, the fort served as a defense against potential invasions by the Ottoman Empire. The impressive structure, built on the remnants of the lighthouse, features thick stone walls and a strategic position overlooking the Mediterranean. Visitors to Fort Qaitbey can explore its labyrinth of chambers, halls, and corridors, gaining insight into medieval military architecture and enjoying the stunning views along the coastline. The fort's museum showcases various artifacts, including cannons and maritime relics, offering glimpses into its storied past. This historical site stands as a testament to Alexandria's rich history and strategic significance.